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[2602.21255] A General Equilibrium Theory of Orchestrated AI Agent Systems
Summary
This paper presents a general equilibrium theory for orchestrated AI agent systems, modeling large language model (LLM) agents within a production economy framework to analyze their interactions and welfare implications.
Why It Matters
As AI systems become increasingly complex, understanding their economic interactions is crucial for optimizing their orchestration and ensuring efficient outcomes. This research contributes to the theoretical foundation necessary for managing AI agents effectively, which is vital for both developers and policymakers in the AI field.
Key Takeaways
- Establishes a general equilibrium theory for LLM agent systems.
- Demonstrates the existence of equilibria and Pareto optimality in orchestrated AI environments.
- Introduces a framework for analyzing the economic dynamics of AI agents under centralized orchestration.
Computer Science > Computer Science and Game Theory arXiv:2602.21255 (cs) [Submitted on 23 Feb 2026] Title:A General Equilibrium Theory of Orchestrated AI Agent Systems Authors:Jean-Philippe Garnier (Br.AI.K) View a PDF of the paper titled A General Equilibrium Theory of Orchestrated AI Agent Systems, by Jean-Philippe Garnier (Br.AI.K) View PDF Abstract:We establish a general equilibrium theory for systems of large language model (LLM) agents operating under centralized orchestration. The framework is a production economy in the sense of Arrow-Debreu (1954), extended to infinite-dimensional commodity spaces following Bewley (1972). Each LLM agent is modeled as a firm whose production set Y a $\subset$ H = L 2 ([0, T ], R R ) represents the feasible metric trajectories determined by its frozen model weights. The orchestrator is the consumer, choosing a routing policy over the agent DAG to maximize system welfare subject to a budget constraint evaluated at functional prices p $\in$ H A . These prices-elements of the Hilbert dual of the commodity space-assign a shadow value to each metric of each agent at each instant. We prove, via Brouwer's theorem applied to a finitedimensional approximation V K $\subset$ H, that every such economy admits at least one general equilibrium (p * , y * , $\pi$ * ). A functional Walras' law holds as a theorem: the value of functional excess demand is zero for all prices, as a consequence of the consumer's budget constraint-not by construction. ...
