[2511.20888] Deep Learning as a Convex Paradigm of Computation: Minimizing Circuit Size with ResNets

Statistics > Machine Learning arXiv:2511.20888 (stat) [Submitted on 25 Nov 2025 (v1), last revised 25 Mar 2026 (this version, v2)] Title:Deep Learning as a Convex Paradigm of Computation: Minimizing Circuit Size with ResNets Authors:Arthur Jacot View a PDF of the paper titled Deep Learning as a Convex Paradigm of Computation: Minimizing Circuit Size with ResNets, by Arthur Jacot View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:This paper argues that DNNs implement a computational Occam's razor -- finding the `simplest' algorithm that fits the data -- and that this could explain their incredible and wide-ranging success over more traditional statistical methods. We start with the discovery that the set of real-valued function $f$ that can be $\epsilon$-approximated with a binary circuit of size at most $c\epsilon^{-\gamma}$ becomes convex in the `Harder than Monte Carlo' (HTMC) regime, when $\gamma>2$, allowing for the definition of a HTMC norm on functions. In parallel one can define a complexity measure on the parameters of a ResNets (a weighted $\ell_1$ norm of the parameters), which induce a `ResNet norm' on functions. The HTMC and ResNet norms can then be related by an almost matching sandwich bound. Thus minimizing this ResNet norm is equivalent to finding a circuit that fits the data with an almost minimal number of nodes (within a power of 2 of being optimal). ResNets thus appear as an alternative model for computation of real functions, better adapted to the HTMC regime and i...