[2603.23355] Off-Policy Value-Based Reinforcement Learning for Large Language Models

Computer Science > Machine Learning arXiv:2603.23355 (cs) [Submitted on 24 Mar 2026] Title:Off-Policy Value-Based Reinforcement Learning for Large Language Models Authors:Peng-Yuan Wang, Ziniu Li, Tian Xu, Bohan Yang, Tian-Shuo Liu, ChenYang Wang, Xiong-Hui Chen, Yi-Chen Li, Tianyun Yang, Congliang Chen, Yang Yu View a PDF of the paper titled Off-Policy Value-Based Reinforcement Learning for Large Language Models, by Peng-Yuan Wang and 10 other authors View PDF Abstract:Improving data utilization efficiency is critical for scaling reinforcement learning (RL) for long-horizon tasks where generating trajectories is expensive. However, the dominant RL methods for LLMs are largely on-policy: they update each batch of data only once, discard it, and then collect fresh samples, resulting in poor sample efficiency. In this work, we explore an alternative value-based RL framework for LLMs that naturally enables off-policy learning. We propose ReVal, a Bellman-update-based method that combines stepwise signals capturing internal consistency with trajectory-level signals derived from outcome verification. ReVal naturally supports replay-buffer-based training, allowing efficient reuse of past trajectories. Experiments on standard mathematical reasoning benchmarks show that ReVal not only converges faster but also outperforms GRPO in final performance. On DeepSeek-R1-Distill-1.5B, ReVal improves training efficiency and achieves improvement of 2.7% in AIME24 and 4.5% in out-of-domain b...