[2512.10152] Rethinking Bivariate Causal Discovery Through the Lens of Exchangeability

Computer Science > Machine Learning arXiv:2512.10152 (cs) [Submitted on 10 Dec 2025 (v1), last revised 25 Mar 2026 (this version, v2)] Title:Rethinking Bivariate Causal Discovery Through the Lens of Exchangeability Authors:Tiago Brogueira, Mário Figueiredo View a PDF of the paper titled Rethinking Bivariate Causal Discovery Through the Lens of Exchangeability, by Tiago Brogueira and 1 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Causal discovery methods have traditionally been developed under two different modeling assumptions: independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) data and time series data. In this paper, we focus on the i.i.d. setting, arguing that it should be reframed in terms of exchangeability, a strictly more general symmetry principle. For that goal, we propose an exchangeable hierarchical model that builds upon the recent Causal de Finetti theorem. Using this model, we show that both the uncertainty regarding the causal mechanism and the uncertainty in the distribution of latent variables are better captured under the broader assumption of exchangeability. In fact, we argue that this is most often the case with real data, as supported by an in-depth analysis of the Tübingen dataset. Exploiting this insight, we introduce a novel synthetic dataset that mimics the generation process induced by the proposed exchangeable hierarchical model. We show that our exchangeable synthetic dataset mirrors the statistical and causal structure of the Tübingen dat...