[2603.05036] The Trilingual Triad Framework: Integrating Design, AI, and Domain Knowledge in No-code AI Smart City Course

Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence arXiv:2603.05036 (cs) [Submitted on 5 Mar 2026] Title:The Trilingual Triad Framework: Integrating Design, AI, and Domain Knowledge in No-code AI Smart City Course Authors:Qian Huang, King Wang Poon View a PDF of the paper titled The Trilingual Triad Framework: Integrating Design, AI, and Domain Knowledge in No-code AI Smart City Course, by Qian Huang and 1 other authors View PDF Abstract:This paper introduces the "Trilingual Triad" framework, a model that explains how students learn to design with generative artificial intelligence (AI) through the integration of Design, AI, and Domain Knowledge. As generative AI rapidly enters higher education, students often engage with these systems as passive users of generated outputs rather than active creators of AI-enabled knowledge tools. This study investigates how students can transition from using AI as a tool to designing AI as a collaborative teammate. The research examines a graduate course, Creating the Frontier of No-code Smart Cities at the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), in which students developed domain-specific custom GPT systems without coding. Using a qualitative multi-case study approach, three projects - the Interview Companion GPT, the Urban Observer GPT, and Buddy Buddy - were analyzed across three dimensions: design, AI architecture, and domain expertise. The findings show that effective human-AI collaboration emerges when these three "languages" ...