[2603.28591] Universal Approximation Constraints of Narrow ResNets: The Tunnel Effect

Mathematics > Dynamical Systems arXiv:2603.28591 (math) [Submitted on 30 Mar 2026] Title:Universal Approximation Constraints of Narrow ResNets: The Tunnel Effect Authors:Christian Kuehn, Sara-Viola Kuntz, Tobias Wöhrer View a PDF of the paper titled Universal Approximation Constraints of Narrow ResNets: The Tunnel Effect, by Christian Kuehn and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:We analyze the universal approximation constraints of narrow Residual Neural Networks (ResNets) both theoretically and numerically. For deep neural networks without input space augmentation, a central constraint is the inability to represent critical points of the input-output map. We prove that this has global consequences for target function approximations and show that the manifestation of this defect is typically a shift of the critical point to infinity, which we call the ``tunnel effect'' in the context of classification tasks. While ResNets offer greater expressivity than standard multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), their capability strongly depends on the signal ratio between the skip and residual channels. We establish quantitative approximation bounds for both the residual-dominant (close to MLP) and skip-dominant (close to neural ODE) regimes. These estimates depend explicitly on the channel ratio and uniform network weight bounds. Low-dimensional examples further provide a detailed analysis of the different ResNet regimes and how architecture-target incompatibility influen...