[2604.07007] AgentCity: Constitutional Governance for Autonomous Agent Economies via Separation of Power

Computer Science > Multiagent Systems arXiv:2604.07007 (cs) [Submitted on 8 Apr 2026] Title:AgentCity: Constitutional Governance for Autonomous Agent Economies via Separation of Power Authors:Anbang Ruan, Xing Zhang View a PDF of the paper titled AgentCity: Constitutional Governance for Autonomous Agent Economies via Separation of Power, by Anbang Ruan and 1 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Autonomous AI agents are beginning to operate across organizational boundaries on the open internet -- discovering, transacting with, and delegating to agents owned by other parties without centralized oversight. When agents from different human principals collaborate at scale, the collective becomes opaque: no single human can observe, audit, or govern the emergent behavior. We term this the Logic Monopoly -- the agent society's unchecked monopoly over the entire logic chain from planning through execution to evaluation. We propose the Separation of Power (SoP) model, a constitutional governance architecture deployed on public blockchain that breaks this monopoly through three structural separations: agents legislate operational rules as smart contracts, deterministic software executes within those contracts, and humans adjudicate through a complete ownership chain binding every agent to a responsible principal. In this architecture, smart contracts are the law itself -- the actual legislative output that agents produce and that governs their behavior. We instantiate...